Policy Memo For White Collar Crimes - 1573 Words

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Since 2007, researchers have found that a large percentage of cases regarding issue of white-collar crimes- especially those involving big financial institutions- have been resolved by the justice department making deals with these corporations and their executives. Write two (2) or three (3) sentences that provides justification for your explanation. Before 2003, the justice department did not offer these types of deals. Not prosecuting these companies and the individuals in charge leads to a lack of accountability among executives. Instead Eric Holder, who wrote the â€Å"Holder Doctrine† and was former United States attorney general, chose to find these institutions. III. PROPOSED SOLUTION: Write one (1) sentence thatShow MoreRelatedHow Yates Has Impacted Corporate Responses1021 Words   |  5 PagesHow Yates has Impacted Corporate Responses to Government Investigations. 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Complexities Of Community College Culture Essay - 2234 Words

Complexities of Community College Culture Brooke Adkison Head University of Alabama Abstract Community colleges do not have a single culture, but rather a myriad of cultures. The culture of an institution in higher education may not fit into a traditional model due to the complexity of academic culture. Within an institution, there is a dominate culture, as well as subcultures that exist. In addition, there are administrative cultures that may interact with the academic culture. The administration, faculty, staff, and students of an institution influence the culture, institutional goals, as well as individual success. Due to increasing demands and greater accountability in higher education, administrators are faced with greater challenges. At the community college level, there is an expectation for timely responsiveness to meet the needs of the community and workforce. 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Project Report on Coffee Behaviour Free Essays

Westminster International University in Tashkent BSc in Economics with Finance 2012 – 2013 CW 1 (Element 2): Group Final Report CW 1 (Element 2): Group Final Report To be completed by the student Student’s ID number | 00001477, 00001568, 00002099, 00001506| Module name| Research Methods| Module code| 2UZB503| Tutor| Lobar Mukhamedova| Individual assignment| | Group assignment| | Submission deadline| 04. 04. 2013| For Academic Registrar use only| Contents Abstract3 Introduction3 Literature Review3 Coffee and Smoking4 Coffee and Smoking cessation5 Coffee and alcohol5 Coffee and physical activity6 Coffee and Income6 Conclusion6 Research question7 Research objectives7 Methodology7 Research approach and design7 Research setting8 Study population and sample8 Data Collection9 Data collection instrument9 Data collection procedure9 Reliability and validity10 Reliability10 Validity10 Ethical considerations10 Conclusion10 Data11 Estimation and Results14 Conclusion and Recommendations16 Bibliography17 Appendix 119 Questionnaire instructions. We will write a custom essay sample on Project Report on Coffee Behaviour or any similar topic only for you Order Now 19 Instructions on how to complete the questionnaire19 Coffee questionnaire20 Personal information:20 Abstract The following paper discusses the main determinants of coffee consumption at Westminster International University in Tashkent. Determinants such as income of respondent, ethnicity, religion, smoking habits and other factors are investigated. Data was collected using online methods of surveying and self-administrated questionnaires. Results proved to be significant and revealed a negative correlation between coffee consumption, active lifestyle and marital status. In contrast, positive correlation between coffee consumption income and age was found. Other factors as smoking, religion, education years proved to be insignificant. Introduction Being the third most consumed beverage in the world after water and tea, coffee is valued for its distinct aroma, flavor and energizing effect. Found in Ethiopia in the 9th century, coffee first became popular in the Arab world, was then promoted in Europe and consequently developed into one of the most traded commodities in the world(John K. Francis, 2007). World annual per capita consumption was equal to 1. 3 kg/person in 2011. America and Europe are the largest coffee consumers on per capita basis, accounting for 3. 9 and 3. 7 kg/person respectively, in comparison to Asian countries where the average constituted 0. kg/person (World Resources Institute, 2011). Nevertheless, the western coffee consumption habits are slowly starting to spread in Asia, especially in Uzbekistan, where coffee is considered as a fashionable hot drink rather than an everyday necessity. The consumption of both instant and insoluble coffeein Uzbekistan is limited to urban areas and is generally increasing alongside with the rising living standards (Euromonitor, 2011). Furthermore, the rising number of coffee shops and the popularity of coffee houses such as Cafe Jum, Julius Meinl, Book Cafe, KafeKafe and Coffee Clubare good indicators of the growing popularity of coffee. Literature Review Evidence from various studies identify that living standards are not the only determinant of coffee consumption behavior. Smoking, smoking cessation, alcohol, age, gender, level of physical activity and income also play a sufficient role in one’s consumption patterns. In their comprehensive research on coffee and associated lifestyle factors published in 2010 Hewlett and Wadsworth discovered a link between caffeinated drink consumption, smoking and alcohol. The findings revealed that those drinking coffee were more likely to be smokers aged between 30 and 70. Another review on coffee consumption behavior in Karnataka, India published in 2008 by Varun indicated a positive correlation between education, family size and income on coffee demand in urban areas, whereas in the rural areas, the price was the main determinant influencing consumption. The rationale for the linkage of the determinants and coffee consumption is reviewedand discussed belowbased on a wide range of researches and surveys. The studies concerning coffee consumption behaviorwere obtained from EBSCO, JStor, Emerald and Google Scholar databases. Those researches included in the literature review are published in English, report coffee consumption behavior; show correlation with at least some of the lifestyle factors and provide a detailed review of the applied methodology and statistical analysis. Coffee and Smoking Seven studies concluded that higher cigarette consumption among persistent smokers is linked to highercoffee consumption. The investigation on coffee consumption patterns among army personnel byZavela et al. (1990) revealed a positive correlation between female cigarette and alcohol consumption and male cigarette and coffee consumption. Furthermore, the researchers identified that non-smokers tend to be abstemious to coffee and alcohol consumption. In contrast, Koksal et al. (2011) in their pseudo-panel analysis of US household data came to the conclusion that that coffee consumption and consumption of cigarettes and alcohol are not correlated due to the statistical insignificance of the cross price elasticities of coffee. However,even though there is no serial complementary relation in the observed population, the authors do not exclude the possibility that coffee and cigarettes are complements for some individuals. Studies by Salazar et al. and Garcia et al. hat analyzed the responses from about 120’000 participants both, stated that more than 50% of female smokers drank at least 6 cups of coffeeper day, whereas only 30% of smoking men consumed at least 6 cups of coffee on a daily basis. Digging even further into the research of the relation of smoking and coffee, Klesges et al. conducted a large epidemiolo gic study with more than 7500 respondents. The researchers labeled those consuming from one to four cigarettes per day as light smokers, those smoking from five to twenty cigarettes as moderate smokers and those smoking at least twenty one cigarettes per day as heavy smokers. Further analysis revealed that light and moderate smokers where 2. 34 and 2. 84 times more likely to drink coffee than non-smokers, whereas heavy smokers where 4. 23 times more likely to be coffee consumers. The comparison of the student sample with the general public sample by Brice et al. illustrated that smokers in both samples were likely to drink more coffee in comparison to non-smokers. In the student sample (121 respondent) smokers on average consumed 76 mg more caffeine than their fellow non-smokers. In the general public sample (122 respondent) smokers consumed 92 mg more than non-smokers. The majority of the academic papers revealed a positive correlation between smoking and coffee consumption (except the Koksal et al. study). However, some of the mentioned above studies might be a subject to bias as most of the respondents were asked to self-report coffee consumption and smoking habits. Furthermore, studies by Zavela et al. and Brice et al. had small samples that did not completely represent the whole population and may therefore also be addressed as biased at some point. Nevertheless, despite the presented results, none of the researches, except for Benowitz et al. 2003) addressed the actual reason for the coffee/smoking relation. According to the researchers smokers prefer coffee due to the fact that smoking increases caffeine metabolism and coffee contains the highest its highest dose among all other beverages. In order to confirm the positive correlation between the amount of cigarettes smoked and coffee consumed it is important to research the reverse side of th e relation. Do those people that quit smoking consume less coffee? Coffee and Smoking cessation Several studies review the relation between smoking cessation and coffee consumption andall of them reveal a positive correlation. A cross-sectional study by Fernandez et al. described a total sample of 2621 respondents and found that lower coffee consumption was associated with quitting smoking. However, the results might be effect-modified as the health reasons for quitting where not taken into consideration during data collection. The research on smoking relapse conducted by Krall et al. revealed that people who quit smoking but where drinking at least 6 cups of coffee daily where 2. 33 times more likely to start smoking again. A similar study of 116 men by Kauffman et al. eviewed that those who don’t drink a lot of coffee where 12 times more likely to quit smoking successfully. Furthermore, education and age where identified as the factors positively affecting smoking cessation and where adjusted in order to make the effect of coffee consumption clearer. Coffee and alcohol Correlations between coffee consumption and alcohol consumption are mostly explained by ones attitude towards health. Therefore, u sually alcohol drinkers are less concerned by their health and on average consume more coffee than non-drinkers. Researches by Talcott et al. and Stevenson et al. prove this statement as according to their findings, alcohol drinkers were 1. 52 times more likely to drink coffee. Schwarz et al. investigated even further and researched the relation between different alcohol drinks with coffee and tea consumption in a sample of 2400 respondents aged from twenty five to sixty four. The findings of the authors revealed that among beer, wine and other beverages only wine had a positive correlation with coffee consumption. Again the above studies have some limitations as some of them o not reveal the health conditions of the respondents. As mentioned above health is a serious determinant that can affect both alcohol intake and coffee consumption. Furthermore, self-administered means of collecting information were used. Therefore, the collected data might be prone to bias. Coffee and physical activity The majority of the reviewed surveys associated high coffee consumption with low physical activity. Acc ording to the research by Hewlett et al. less coffee consumption was associated with being younger and a less than healthy lifestyle. Thune et al. onducted a survey with more than 10000 respondents that indicated that both males and females with sedentary jobs consumed more coffee than those that were physically more active. Therefore, coffee consumption may be associated with less leisure time activities and a sedentary job. It is important to mention the work of Mosdol et al. that researched how the changes in coffee consumption affected ones physical activity. The respondents were placed in three groups by coffee consumption. The first group didn’t drink coffee at all, the second consumed 1 to 3 cups per day and the third group drank at least 4 cups. Furthermore, 3 physical activity level groups were established. The results revealed that those participants that increased the amount of cups consumed per day were less likely to do physical exercise. Therefore, the higher is the coffee intake, the less physically active an individual is. From the methodological point of view, the limitations of the mentioned above surveys where again connected to the fact that mostly the participants were asked to self-report their levels of physical activity and coffee consumption. Furthermore, the studies researched the relation between the two variables at a single point of time. All of the limitations combined make it hard to identify the real connection between coffee consumption and physical activity. Coffee and Income It is evident that the relation between coffee consumption and income varies from region to region. Therefore, coffee consumption in some states comprises a significantly lower proportion of total consumption in comparison with other countries. Hewlett et al. (1990) identified that the income elasticity is positive and less than one for all of the goods investigated (coffee, tea, alcohol). Interestingly, the study by Varun et al. evealed that urban households purchase a larger amount of coffee and tea in contrast to rural households. Furthermore, total family income plays a more significant role in consumer decisions in urban areas, whereas family size was the major factor in rural areas. Conclusion Based on the reviewed literature most important coffee consumption determinants were identified. Therefore, a significant correlation between sm oking and coffee consumption was found. Additional research revealed that smokers on average consume more than non-smokers and those who quit smoking. Furthermore, the probability of smoking relapse was higher for those ex-smokers that consumed a higher amount of caffeine. The biological relation between coffee metabolism and smoking was recognized as one of the factors to explain the correlation. Coffee consumption and alcohol intake were linked to an individual’s personal healthcare choices. Therefore, high consumption of alcohol was correlated with an unhealthy lifestyle and consequently, with a higher consumption of coffee. Unhealthy lifestyle was also proved to be the factor relating coffee intake with lower physical activity. Income and coffee consumption were proven to change from region to region, with people in urban areas with higher incomes drinking more coffee in comparison with the people in rural areas. Most importantly, a research gap was found. As can be seen from the above review, none of the researchers investigated coffee consumption patterns in Uzbekistan and almost none of them investigated university student’s coffee consumption behavior. Therefore, it is important to fulfill this gap and conduct a survey of coffee consumption patterns among students in Uzbekistan. However, due to the scarcity of resources this research will focus on the coffee consumption determinants in Westminster International University in Tashkent (WIUT). Research question What are the main coffee consumption determinants for the students of the Westminster International University in Tashkent? Research objectives * To identify the main factors affecting coffee consumption behavior of WIUT students * To discover whether the findings about the positive relation between smoking and coffee consumption are applicable to WIUT tudents * To interpret the discovered relations between key determinants and coffee consumption Methodology Research approach and design During the research a quantitative approach was implemented. Given (2008) describes a quantitative research as an empirical investigation of a social phenomenon by the use of statistical, mathematical or computational techniques. Usually a quantitative approach is applied when it is necessary to statistically describe an d test relations between certain variables and examine cause effect relations. A descriptive (correlational) survey was used to collect primary data to describe the population. The descriptive survey interprets the relationships among a set of variables to develop trends and patterns in the data. Variables in this kind of a survey are not manipulated and are studied as they occur. The survey obtains data from a population sample by means of self-report, when participants respond to a number of questions identified by the researcher. In the current research, information was gathered by the use of self-administered questionnaires distributed online and individually for each participant. A descriptive quantitative approach was applied because it helps to identify the causes of the interrelations in the variables. The main advantage of the employed approach is precision that is achieved through reliable quantitative measurement, when the collected data is not manipulated. However, there are some limitations due to the objectivity of self-reports, as respondents may provide the researcher with unauthentic information that is not accurate. Research setting The study was conducted at the Westminster International University in Tashkent that is located in the highly dense urban area in the center of the capital of Uzbekistan. Approximately 1700 students and 90 teachers attend the university. The majority of the students are locals aged from 17 to 25, most of which are a registered in the Facebook social network. Study population and sample A population is a set of all the elements that come within the study sample criteria. The sampling frame consisted of young adults aged 17 to 23 that are full-time bachelor’s degree students who study on levels 3, 4, 5 or 6 of the university. Master’s degree students and teachers were not included in the frame as they represent an older age group that does not fit into the aim of the research to study consumption patterns among students. Due to the lack of time, resources and the impossibility of implementation, the census approach, when data is collected from everyone in the population,was excluded from the research. Instead, the simple random sampling approach was applied. Under this approach the sample is collected by randomly choosing the respondents from the sampling frame. The simple random sampling approach was used because the research sample size was equal to 300, the sample frame was easily accessible via the computer database, and interactions with the respondents were not an issue. The sample size decisions were based on a 95% confidence level that the data represents the characteristics of the whole population and the 3-5% acceptable margin of error that expresses the amount of random sampling error in the results. According to the optimal sample size calculations and the table adapted from Saunders et al. (2003, p. 56) and assuming a 100% response rate the optimal sample size was identified to be equal to 300. The collected sample was compared with the student statistics from the university and was provento represent the characteristics of the university population. Data Collection Data collection instrument A self-administered questionnaire was chosen as the data collection instrument for the research. A typical questionnaire is usually a mean of collecting primary data and consists of a series of questions that are aimed at gathering information from the respondents. The decision to apply questionnaires as a data gathering tool was made largely due to the following factors: * High response rates as the questionnaires were distributed online via social networks and distributed to the respondents to complete and were consequently collected personally by the researcher * Less time and resources to administer, as all of the online replies where automatically monitored and both online and manual responses wereprocessed by computer software * Anonymity, as the respondents personal identification details (e. g. ame, student ID, etc) were not required * Less prone to bias as they were presented in a consistent manner * Most of the questions were closed, which made further statistical analysis easier However, the main disadvantage from the self-administered questionnaire is that it might not reflect the true state of the respondent and valuable information might be lost as the answers are usually brief. The questionnaire was conducted in English and consi sted of two sections. Section 1 was aimed at getting demographic data such as age, gender, education years, religion, etc. Section 2 mostly consisted of closed questions and was aimed at determining ones coffee consumption habits and related information. The examples of the questionnaire with instructions on how to complete it areprovided in Appendix 1. Data collection procedure The questionnaires were distributed in two ways: * Via social networks such as Facebook and Odnoklassniki * Personally to respondents at the university In order to avoid resemblance in the online and manual responses, the sample was divided into two groups by study level. Therefore, the first group, consisting of level 5 and level 6 students was questioned online, whereas the level 3 and 4 students were asked to fill manual questionnaires. The data was collected in a one month period. Reliability and validity Reliability Reliability is a measure of consistency with which an instrument, in the case of the current research a questionnaire measures the attributes it was designed to measure. Therefore, a questionnaire may be assumed to be reliable if it will give the same results when applied to the same group of people. The questionnaire was firstly pretested on a group of 50 people that answered the questionnaire twice in different environments, the results revealed consistency in responses. The two sets of responses can were compared statistically using weighted Kappa  for categorical data and Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient for continuous data. However, it is important to minimize measurement errors related to reliability. Hence, data collector bias was reduced by allocating two researchers to be the only ones to manage the questionnaire. The environment where data was gathered was made comfortable by ensuring silence, privacy and confidentiality for the respondents. Validity In contrast to reliability validity is a measure of how a questionnaire is employed and refers the extent to which the questionnaire represents studied variables. In order to ensure validity, the questionnaire was based on the review of literature. In addition, all questionnaires distributed manually were delivered by the appointed administering researchers. Furthermore, the questions were formulated in a simple language to assure clarity, guidelines were provided in order to ensure the ease of understanding the questions. The manual questionnaires were completed in the presence of the researchers to make sure that the questionnaires were not filled by third parties. However, it was hard to administer this aspect of the online questionnaire as the researchers were unable to monitor the process of filling. Ethical considerations In order to protect the human rights of the respondents, ethical aspects of the research were taken into consideration. Therefore, before handling in the questionnaire the researchers informed the participants about the aims of the study. Anonymity and confidentiality were maintained, as the personal information of the respondents was not disclosed, and the collected information was kept confidential. Self-determination was sustained by providing the respondents with a choice on whether to participate in the research or not. Scientific honesty, being an important ethical part of the research was also maintained as the researchers and analysts did not manipulate, change or alter the collected data. Conclusion The research implemented a descriptive, quantitative approach. Self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information from 300 respondents on the territory of the Westminster International University in Tashkent. The sample included young adults aged 17 to 23 studying on the levels 3,4,5 and 6 of the university. Reliability, validity and ethical considerations were taken into account while administering the research. Data Descriptive statistics and results are shown in Figure 1. Variable| Observations| Mean| Std. Dev. | Min| Max| | | | | | | ID| 297| 149| 85. 8073| 1| 297| age| 297| 20. 60269| 3. 388732| 16| 40| gender| 297| . 5454545| . 49877| 0| 1| marital| 297| . 0909091| . 287965| 0| 1| ethnicity| 297| . 8855219| . 3189284| 0| 1| | | | | | | religion| 296| . 9054054| . 2931498| 0| 1| city| 296| . 7668919| . 4235265| 0| 1| educyears| 296| 13. 93581| 2. 639838| 4| 45| Montly Income| 195| 575451. 3| 1027561| 0| 1. 00e+07| Work| 294| . 452381| . 4985759| 0| 1| | | | | | | Smoke| 297| . 2255892| . 4186752| 0| 1| Sport| 296| . 7466216| . 4356823| 0| 1| Drinking Coffee| 297| . 8114478| . 3918127| 0| 1| Coffee consumption| 283| 27. 9929| 34. 79035| 0| 225| Price Coffee| 266| 3449. 286| 4854. 957| 0| 18000| | | | | | | Weather| 296| . 5067568| . 500801| 0| 1| Morning| 296| . 5236486| . 5002862| 0| 1| Food| 296| . 5101351| . 5007438| 0| 1| Winter| 294| . 5816327| . 4941322| 0| 1| Company| 296| . 5236486| . 5002862| 0| 1| | | | | | | ln Income| 131| 13. 26666| . 8222373| 11. 51293| 16. 1181| LN Coffee| 259| 2. 844612| 1. 142757| 0| 5. 416101| LN Price| 242| 7. 805468| . 9738078| 2. 302585| 11. 0021| Figure 1 The sample collected was used with the help of the STATA statistical and econometrical tool. Qualitative data representing dummy variables as religion, ethnicity, employment status, smoking habits, sport, marital status and all other vectors of dummy variables were transformed to quantitative data. The list of dummy variables and their quantitative meaning is represented in Figure 2. Variable| Observations| Represented as 1| Represented as 0|   |   |   |   | gender| 297| Male| Female| marital| 297| Married| Single/Widow| ethnicity| 297| Asian| Other| |   |   |   | religion| 296| Muslim| Other| city| 296| Tashkent| Other| Work| 294| Employed| Unemployed| |   |   |   | Smoke| 297| Smoker| Non-smoker| Sport| 296| Sport| Non-sport| Drinking Coffee| 297| Coffee Drinker| Non-coffee drinker|   |   |   |   | Weather| 296| Weather Influence| Weather doesn’t influence| Morning| 296| Morning hours preffered| No preference over time| Food| 296| Coffee consumed with food| No preference regarding food| Winter| 294| Winter time preffered| No preferene over time|   |   |   |   | Figure 2 As descriptive statistics show, the sample number was decreased to 297 due to the exclusion of some answers with irrelevant and unreal results, i. e. , those surveys that were spoiled by giving extraordinary high levels of coffee consumption or income. Mean income of a WIUT students was estimated to be 575’451 UZS with the standard deviation of 1’072’000 UZS to both sides. Again, such a big dispersion indicates low reliability of the data that will be discussed further. The composition of the sample regarding gender, as well as with respect to age grouping and ethnicity is shown in Figures 3 to 8. Figure 4. Employment Status Figure 4. Employment Status Figure 3. Gender Distribution Figure 3. Gender Distribution Figure 6. Religion Figure 6. Religion Figure 5. Smoking habits Figure 5. Smoking habits Figure 8. Age distribution Figure 8. Age distribution Figure 7. Active Lifestyle Figure 7. Active Lifestyle Estimation and Results Estimations were found using the method of weighted least squares and finding corresponding coefficients for respective variables. In order to avoid the problem of heteroscedascity, robust method of weighted least squares instead ordinary least squares method was applied. Nevertheless, in order to show the difference between ordinary least squares and weighted least squares methods both models were used in the results section. In Regression 1 Ordinary Least Squares Method was employed, while Regression 2 used the Weighted Least Squares Robust method to avoid the problem of heteroscedascity. Furthermore, due to the existence of zero-expenditures problem in some cases and not giving accurate information regarding income of students all income information was respectively changed to logarithmic scale. Moreover, since coffee consumption is discrete, it was also changed to logarithmic scale in order to avoid zero expenditure problems during estimation. Therefore, the final model of weighted least squares model can be shown by the following function. lncoffee= ? +? logincome+jik+? where k is the j number of dummy variables such as city, ethnicity, education, gender, employment status, smokers and other variables described before. As it was said usage of the logarithmic scale helps to avoid the issues associated with zero expenditure. Results. The following table shows estimates for both models using Weighted Least Squares and Ordinary Least Squares (Robust) methods. The difference between two model is not cardinal. The most obvious difference is in the estimations of standard error, since usage of the robust method gives smaller standard errors. Results found a vivid relationship between active lifestyle (sport) and drinking coffee. People who do sports tend to consume less coffee than those leading a less active lifestyle. Furthermore, estimations revealed an interesting correlation for those individuals that are single. In this case, as it was said earlier dummy variable 1 represents a married person. Negative coefficient for marital status indicates that on average married people consume less coffee than singles or widows. In this case the reference group was singles and both coefficients were significant at 99% confidence level, rejecting null hypothesis that marital status and sport activities do not relate to coffee consumption among students of WIUT. | Regression 1| Regression 2| | coef| se| coef| se| Age| 0,039| 0,027| 0,039*| 0,022| Gender(1/0)| -0,102| 0,205| -0,102| 0,218| Marital status (1/0)| -0,894***| 0,319| -0,894***| 0,269| Ethnicity| 0,163| 0,294| 0,163| 0,252| Religion| 0,117| 0,336| 0,117| 0,253| City where you were born:| -0,263| 0,219| -0,263| 0,209| Education years (school+ lyceum +university):| -0,007| 0,042| -0,007| 0,047| Do you have a part-time or full-time work? | 0,263| 0,190| 0,263| 0,224| Do you smoke? | 0,158| 0,244| 0,158| 0,238| Do you do sport? | -0,611***| 0,207| -0,611***| 0,198| Does weather influence your decision to drink coffee? 0,170| 0,186| 0,170| 0,203| Do you prefer to drink coffee in morning hours (7:00 to 11:00) or in any other t| 0,159| 0,198| 0,159| 0,234| Do you usually drink coffee with food/snack? | 0,212| 0,175| 0,212| 0,180| Do you drink more coffee during winter or any other period? | -0,239| 0,207| -0,239| 0,234| logincome| 0,230*| 0,121| 0,230*| 0,122| _cons| -0,730| 1,539| -0,730| 1,551| Number of observations| 119| 119| Adjusted R2| 0,136| 0,136| note: *** p;0. 01, ** p;0. 05, * p;0. 1|   |   |   | With a smaller confidence level, the importance of income was proved. In this case, positive coefficient of logincome with respect to logcoffee indicates that increase in income tend to result in an increase in coffee consumption. Furthermore, application of logarithmic scale as it was mentioned earlier, helped to avoid zero-expenditure problems, however shrank the available size of the sample down from 297 to 119. This occurred due to the responses of the participants who didn’t give correct responses on the income questions. Interestingly enough, results for age were important at 90% confidence interval while applying the robust method of standard error calculation. All other dummy variables including weather, consumption of coffee with snack, employment status, city, religion are concluded to be insignificant. Conclusion and Recommendations As estimations have indicated some significant results were obtained particularly concerning the research proposal in determination of coffee consumption behavior at WIUT. Mainly, the importance of income and marital status, with sedentary lifestyle proved that WIUT student’s coffee consumption pattern and addictions were quite similar to those revealed in the study by Zavela. The difference and usefulness of the results nevertheless might not be as good as it might have been in the case of a broader and better collected sample. First of all, collection of data not via survey, but corresponding actual spending on coffee and finding out total monthly expenditure would have been much more appropriate for the analysis. In that case, reliability of the data would be guaranteed and more precise results might be obtained. Also, quite limited and more or less similar population of WIUT population can’t be interpreted as proxy for any Uzbekistan university students, or even for Tashkent city students. In order for the sample to be more representative data from each university should be collected using not a self-administered survey, but more fundamental methods. However, considering high cost and the lack of time, sufficient data collection might be a hard problem. Bibliography ————————————————- Brice C. F. and Smith A. P. (2002). Factors associated with caffeine consumption. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 53, 55-64. Current Worldwide Annual Coffee Consumption per capita. (n. d. ). ChartsBin. com – Visualize your data. Retrieved March 11, 2013, from http://chartsbin. om/view/581 Fernandez E. , Vecchia C. L. , Avanzo B. D. , Braga C. , Negri E. and Franceschi S. (1997). Quitting smoking in Northern Italy: A cross-sectional analysis of 2621 subjects. European Journal of Epidemiology, 13, 267-273. Given, L. M. (2008). The Sage encyclopedia of q ualitative research methods. Los Angeles, Calif. : Sage Publications. ————————————————- Hewlett, P. , Wadsworth, E. (2013). Tea, coffee and associated lifestyle factors. British Food Journal,  114(3), 416-427. ————————————————- John K. Francis. â€Å"Coffeaarabica L. RUBIACEAE†. Factsheet of U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Retrieved 2007-07-27. ————————————————- Kauffman R. M. , Ferketich A. K. , Wee A. G. , Shultz J. M. , Kuun P. and Wewers M. E. (2008). Factors associated with smokeless tobacco cessation in an Appalachian population. Addictive Behaviors, 33, 821-830. ————————————————- Klesges R. C. , Ray J. W. and Klesges L. M. (1994). Caffeinated coffee and tea intake and its relationship to cigarette smoking: An analysis of the second national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES II). Journal of Substance Abuse, 6, 407-418. Koksal, A. , ;Wohlgenant, M. (2011). RATIONALLY ADDICTED TO CIGARETTES, ALCOHOL AND COFFEE? A PSEUDO PANEL APPROACH . Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, North Carolina State University  ,  1, 1-21. Krall E. A. , Garvey A. J. and Garcia R. I. (2002). Smoking relapse after 2 years of abstinence: findings from the VA normative aging study. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 4, 95-100. Krall E. A. , Garvey A. J. and Garcia R. I. (2002). Smoking relapse after 2 years of abstinence: findings from the VA normative aging study. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 4, 95-100. ————————————————- Matter, S. (n. d. ). Coffee in Uzbekistan. Global Market Research and Analysis for Industries, Countries, and Consumers. Retrieved March 11, 2013, from http://www. euromonitor. com/coffee-in-uzbekistan/report Mosdol A. , Christenseen B. , Retterstol L. and Thelle D. S. (2002). Induced changes in the consumption of coffee alter ad libitum dietary intake and physical activity level. British Journal of Nutrition, 87, 261-266. Salazar-Martinez E. , Willett W. C. , Ascherio A. Manson J. E. , Leitzmann M. F. , Stampfer M. J. and Hu F. B. (2004). Coffee consumption and risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Annals of Internal Medicine, 140, 1-8. Saunders, M. (2003). Research methods for business students. Harlow, England New York: Prentice Hall. Schwarz B. , Bischof H. P. and Kunze M. (1994). Coffee, Tea and Lifestyle. Preven tive Medicine, 23, 377-384 Stevenson J. S. and Masters J. A. (2005). Predictors misuse and abuse in older women. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 37(4), 329-335. Talcott G. W. , Poston W. S. C. II and Haddock C. K. (1998). Co-occurrent use of cigarettes, alcohol, and caffeine in a retired military population. Military Medicine, 163, 133-138. Thune I. , Njolstad I. , Lochen M. L. and Forde O. H. (1998). Physical activity improves the metabolic risk profiles in men and women. Archives of Internal Medicine, 158, 1633-1640. ————————————————- VARUN, T. (2008). CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOUR OF COFFEE AND TEA IN KARNATAKA. Thesis submitted to the University of Agricultural Sciences,  1, 1-95. Appendix 1 Questionnaire instructions. For the researchers when introducing the survey to the respondents Dear Mr/Ms __________ As a part of our coursework on Research Methods, we were assigned to conduct a research on coffee consumption among students in WIUT. As part of the research we composed a questionnaire in order to identify your coffee consumption patterns. The questionnaire is anonymous and confidential. No personal information is required. Could you please take your time and answer the questions 1 to 16? Instructions on how to complete the questionnaire The questionnaire is confidential. No name or ID is required. Please fill in the personal information box first. Pay attention to the guidelines in the brackets after the questions. In the education years line please fill in the years you spent at school, lyceum or university either combined or separately. Yes/No questions have an additional field for commentaries. Fill in the comments section only if you have any additional information to share. Coffee questionnaire The questionnaire is confidential. No name or ID is required. Please fill in the personal information box first. Pay attention to the guidelines in the brackets after the questions. In the education years line please fill in the years you spent at school, lyceum or university either combined or separately. Yes/No questions have an additional field for commentaries. Fill in the comments section only if you have any additional information to share. | Personal information: Age:| | Gender (Male/Female):| | Marital status (Married/Single):| | Ethnicity: | | Religion:| | City where you were born:| | Education years (school+ lyceum +university):| | Monthly income (in UZS):| | | Criteria| Yes/No| Comments| 1| Do you have a part-time or full-time work? | Yes No| | 2| Do you smoke? | Yes No| | 3| Do you do sport? | Yes No| | 4| Do you drink coffee? YesNo| | 5| How much coffee do you consume per month? (in cups)| | 6| How much do you usually pay for a cup of coffee? (UZS per cup)| | 7| How much are you willing to pay for a cup of coffee? (UZS per cup)| | 8| Does weather influence your decision to drink coffee? | Yes No| | 9| Do you prefer to drink coffee in morning hours (7:00 to 11:00) or in any other time? ( Yes for morning hours, No for any other)| Yes No| | 10| Other than coffee, which hot/cold beverages do you regularly purchase? | | 11| How much do you usually pay for a cup of tea? UZS per cup)| | 12| How much are you willing to pay for a cup of tea? (UZS per cup)| | 13| Do you usually drink coffee with food/snack? (Yes if you do, No if you don’t)| Yes No| | 14| Do you drink coffee during winter or any other period? (Yes for Winter, No for other)| Yes No| | 15| Do you usually drink coffee while you are with friends/company or alone? (Yes with friends/company, No alone)| Yes No| | 16| Do you prefer university coffee or any other coffee outside? ( Yes for university, No for outside)| Yes No| | Any other comments: | | How to cite Project Report on Coffee Behaviour, Papers

Audit - Assurance and Compliance

Question: Discuss about theAudit, Assurance and Compliance. Answer: Introduction The auditor of the company is given the responsibility of maintain and recording the financial statements of the BSF Ltd in order to recognize the overall transaction throughout the year. The auditor is appointed by the manager of the company in order to take the responsibility of the professional and ethical obligations of the whole set of stakeholders for the purpose of providing the proper valuation of the company. For the purpose of calculating the proper estimation, the auditor generally needs to be comfortable with the management of the company which will generally help them to collect essential information of the company. The whole information will summarize that how BioSustainable Feeds ltd has capable to launch their investigation and improvement skill and occupied research groups on sustainable aqua-cultural feeds for Fishes. A few days ago an Australian company was very much famous for providing the fishes bio-sustainable feeds. The report has come after continuous researc h by BSF Ltd. The company has also examined the use of bacteria which use to feeding the Fishes. The study has decrypted by the assistance of methane gas, sugar cane remains, wood chips etc., the fishes have fed beneath the water. In the research, it has also descript the essential role played by the improvement and research section of the firm and how the company is constantly aiming at developing its activities in a skillful style by complying the standards of AASB 13. Therefore, the entire research has spotlighted upon continuous aquaculture practices, which was initiated by the BSF Ltd for mitigating the ecological issues. Steps for Auditing Some of the essential steps needs to be followed by the auditor during the research process are to accept the proper auditing plan from the client, ensure the process of understanding the business method of the client, observe the business risk, develop entire plan and program of audit, collect information regarding the initiated risks and to observe the internal and external control risks of the company (Pevzner, 2008). According to AASB 13, it may be told that reasonable value of slight property inclusive of benchmarks, licenses and patents ought to be calculated different hypothesis in AASB 13 will be watched at the moment computing the rational worth of patents (AASB, C. A. S. 2013). All of the assumptions are capable to being brief as follows: Identification of the patent situation. The Reasonable worth of the patent needs to calculate by subtracting the fee of contract for the advantages. The rational worth of patents ought to decide supported on the basis marketplace for government contribution. The body desires to have admittance to the major marketplace. The decreased amount of patents will be paid in a systematical way over the accommodating being of advantages. The authority must not complete with the condition on business or owner of the patents. BSF Ltd Control and Detection Risks The risks are present in the current circumstances through which the auditor can get some ideas to maintain the financial statements of the company. Therefore, the risks of audit can generally be defined as detection, control and inherent risks. The detection risk of a company can be determined as the failure of the auditors plan while maintaining the financial statement of the company. Therefore, an auditor of the company should always recheck the statements, so that they can be able to note down the misstatements. An auditor of the company should focus on the recheck process of the statement in order to reduce the errors from the financial statement which will generally help the company to determine the commission as well as interests of the users. The control risk of the BSF Ltd is verified to be approx 5%. The audit department of the company should always take care of the financial statements in order to control the mechanism of the company. On other the hand, the inherent risks can be described as the risks which generally occur when the work done by the company is highly subjective. Therefore, the research done by BSF Ltd is extremely subjective and thereby BSF Ltd has taken a responsibility to improve the economic growth of Australia, which can be a inherent risk for them. At the time of completing the research done by BSF Ltd, different issues and dangers have faced in the method which created troubles in the achievement of the lessons objectives. In the technique of fermenting bacteria, yeast, algae with eco-friendly wastes like methane gas, wood chips, sugar canes etc., the firm BSF Ltd has overcome some dangers in its fiscal expansion. It was invented that the entire cost for owed through research near about AUD $ 700 and the improvement worth for the investigation has evaluated to AUD $ 200 million. The financial sustainability has been decreased by the sturdy worth and affected the ecological sustainability for aqua lives in water. The conversion fee also hindered the marine lives as well as near about one third of the fishes died in Australia, (Domini, Band Hernndez, 2014). BSF Ltd Audit Program Different valuable processes and methods have introduced by the BSFs study and development division that is to make certain betterment of the goods and services throughout the construction technique. It is a considerable way, which involves awareness from several particular fields and encourages innovative sector of improvement and innovation (Griffin, 1999). Various government and marketable modernism approach support with RD creation a profitable investigation study. The research method of BSF Ltd has emphasized upon taking care of the environmental ascertaining as well as balance the superior fitness of the population in Australia. On the other side, improvement is the marvelous stage where new thought and pioneering perspectives have used to improve the goods and services proper to utilize by the citizen (Foreman, 2010). The vital and main motto of this study is to introduce some methods, pre-production of prototypes and replica for the firm by they could successfully increase in the marketplace and discover bright awareness and understanding. There are a few advantages of this examined and improvement those are followed: Having an outcome on Return on investment, on RD at the moment process manifestation happened. Improvement and research have a basic aim and involvement on sustainable trade method. Speculation in a firm needs to require much practices and awareness for the company, by the assistance of knowledge and improvement event the RD group may efficiently complete expansion for the association. To arrangement the goal and to attain the desired aim for the firm research and development process assist in every way. The flaunt position is to study the limits and margins of ideas and modernization. Journal Entries of RD Transaction The journal entries of the financial conditions of the RD transaction are generally audited by the external audit. The auditor of the company should generally design the process by using the journal of the company in order to maintain the transaction of the department. Therefore, the audit department should ensue the specific journal entries are tested or not. Thereby, the department should also focus on the performances of the individuals who are taking care of the transaction of the company throughout the year (Pevzner, 2008). Research and development department plays an essential role in order to improve the business of BSF Ltd and thus it also results in a positive manner of appraising the in general activities of the company. RD department has leads toward a successful operation, done by the BSF Ltd and it also helps the company to improve the feasibility of the products and services in order to gather the present conditions of the market. This process is been generally undertak en by the auditor for the purpose of maintaining the planned and aimed goals of the company. Therefore, the auditor of the company should take all the responsibilities of maintaining the journal entries of the BSF Ltd in order to authorize the transaction as well as to ensure that the expenses are correctly recorder or not. Consequently, the fair market value made by the company should have been acquired after the reasonable market cost which is being presented as the most valued system of the equipment (Griffin, 1999). The BSF Ltd has achieved after setting up the finished supervision grants gain from CSIRO; the things were uncovered within the returns declaration of BSF Ltd. Pay for substitute feeds has facilitated BSF Ltd. to support the yardstick of carry on the normal intelligibility prices linked with BSF Ltd. To fee the donation that inward by BSF Ltd, from CSIRO, the firm BSF Ltd has completed with the morality of IAS 20. At the same time, it may say that BSF Ltd. has gained a deduction charge of 8% more than current accusation of the grant amount to AUD $ 500 million as well as that furthermore was descript as delayed return due to this that was take away from the carry fees of the resources. The BSF Ltd. has presented the funding to permit the expenses of research and expansion and compensation of the costs at present as well as thats why the amount of AUD $ 500 million will be manuscript in profit and loss or it may be said that revenue statement of trade of the time of bringing donation of a firm. The total amount of funding might drop beneath Grant for ecological measures in 20X2- 20X5 as well as the journal accepted for this proper grant is By cash a/c...............Dr. AUD $ 500 million To Deferred Income a/c AUD $ 500 million In the moment when the funding amount would be documented, the grades would be established in the Profit and loss account according to the 20X2 bases: By differed income a/c.......Dr $ 500 million To income from grants a/c $ 500 million BSF Ltd Research The triple bottom line is been generally defined as the traditional structure of the reporting process which generally involves economic, social and ecological performances of the company in order to measure the audit of the corporate entities. The research and development department of the company has generally undertaken the responsibilities of maintaining the qualities of the aqua and marine culture Australian fishes. Therefore, this particular research is been conducted for the purpose of improving the qualities of marine culture fishes of Australia. Hence, the auditor needs to solve the problems related to the company in accordance with the uses of new techniques and approaches made by the BSF Ltd. The company, BSF Ltd. has continuously carried out different improvement practices and report studies, as per the examination which quality or types of BSF are appropriate for the fishes. In concerning of making more efficient and sustainable, the BSF Ltd has integrated several types of policies and techniques, in this cases that the bacteria feeds may replace the plant feeds. The uppermost saying for providing this study and improvements are to make sure that the environmental stability will maintain in the aqua sector of Australia by ascertaining the promotion and development of the biological footsteps of the contiguous environment. In assistance of operation, sustainable aquaculture, the firm bio-sustainable feeds has aimed in motivating the financial situation of the region in the way of stability and expansion (Pevzner, 2008). As per the research, it has identified that the fermentation method of algae, yeast, bacteria etc. that has authorized by the biological experts which narrate the bio-degradable fundamentals makes a smaller importance for the culture. On the other hands, principally the method doesnt create optimistic collision in this culture as well as, the existence and the expansion of Australian financial system are uncertain. On the basis of the statistical investigation of CBC in 2016, the chip worth fish feeds have used instead of plant feeds for fishes under marine. The marine culture firm has thought that 10 kg of chip value fishes are being used for producing at least 1kg of high merit fishes. By this operation, it has publicized a progress and expansion of fiscal situation of Australia. The conversion tempo has predictable by marine culture commerce initially as 1/10th. In the upcoming, 30kgs of the top valued plant feeds made as a substitute of 10kgs of chip value so as amplify the renov ation fee by 1/30th. Also it has supposed in the research in Australia the com based feeds dont tolerate ecological footprints which straightly ensure the productivity as well as sustainability of the financial system of the region (Matt, Bernert Hovell, 2008). For the development of the financial condition of Australia, the high-value bio-degradable feeds must be assumed instead of less valued feeds such wood chips, methane gas, sugar cane remains etc. due to this fiscal condition of Australia may face any kind of danger. This will harm all the species in the ecological society. By assuming the methods and high priced feeds will boost the propensity of the chip worth fishes. Therefore, it has shown in the study that will increase the prosperity of the chip cost fishes by minimizing the prevalence of starvation and scarcity in entire Australia. By assuming the practices, it may ascertain that the wealthy citizens are capable to buy high priced fishes; on the other hand, the poor people can buy low cost fishes. In future, the precious possessions to the people will be used so as to make improvement and growth of the culture. Assertions for BSF Ltd Yes. The auditor of the company will be capable of accepting the challenges on the basis of the present situation of the Australian market. Therefore, the documents are generally based up on the asserted facts of the present situation of market. The company values the patents by recognizing the capability of generating revenue for the upcoming financial years and thereby the patent should always be aware of the upcoming situation. Currently there is no such competition because the techniques and approaches are rare and duplication of the same technology will take some time to appear. So the management of the company can be relaxed and can observe the market value, in order to make the research successful. Patents assessment thinks of a little vital and components of guessing extending from foreseen devalued characteristics to predictable upcoming cash streams, furthermore allowing for the financial condition (Adom, 2012). As per the case study examine, it may verify that the option o f reasonable price marketplace value in an area trade worth of $ 700 million in two years, is the major option. On the other hand, the BSF Ltd. has selected to implement the skill concerning the microorganisms feed into the management practices, therefore this is viewed as an improvement for the management as well as the patent individualities must be conceptualized in a scrutiny of the fair opinion of the licenses. By using bacteria based feeds is completely a pioneering progression for the company. Government fund value of $ 700 million in this case study recommend cogent right to the firm such as BSF Ltd to make small charge bio-degradable production to eats for fishes as well as that throughout bio-degradable method. The method could be a significance benefit the civilization as the viewpoint improvement that they connect with growth and research will only make use of property, that have no value to the people. The accomplishment of government fund commencing CSIRO is to size as a potential for the BSF Ltd to find out the skills during which firm or the organization or the management could take the organized act to save marine being in addition to endorsing the public pleasure of the persons. The management is capable of obtaining enhanced ecological constancy in addition to economic benefits for the lower and wealthy citizens (Koch Segev, 2000). Conclusion This paper generally focuses on the audit program of the BSF Ltd and on the process of controlling and detecting the financial statement by the auditor. The overall research conducted by the BSF Ltd was successful by the help of the RD department who have generally focused a lot for maintaining and improving the aqua and marine culture fish feeds. By using the new techniques and approaches suggested by the RD department, BSF Ltd has also helped the Australian economy to improve. Therefore, CSIRO (the federal government of Austrlia) also helped BSF Ltd to produce bacteria based fish feeds for the fishes of Australia and thereby they have provided a grant of $500 million, so that BSF Ltd can lead towards the proper operation of the project. This research also focuses on the main motive of the BSF Ltd which also includes the importance of auditor as well as the audit program and risks bearing to the company. By the following research, it may be depicted that, Government fund in this pro per case study has permitted the firm to enlarge the height of continuous manage on the investigate as well as the improvement program, thus a sustainable move to develop supremacy of fishery construction ways. This challenging method accepted by the BSF Ltd to restore the plane based sustenance with low charge eco-friendly products may be a biodegradable system which may develop the productivity and effectiveness. References Chaisson, M. J., Pevzner, P. A. (2008). Short read fragment assembly of bacterial genomes.Genome research,18(2), 324-330. Orozco, F. D. A., Kovachev, N., Pastor, M. . A., Domini, C. E., Band, B. S. F., Hernndez, A. C. (2014). Analysis of metals and phosphorus in biodiesel B100 from different feedstock using a Flow Blurring multinebulizer in inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry.Analytica chimica acta,827, 15-21. AASB, C. A. S. (2013). Fair Value Measurement. Koch, C., Segev, I. (2000). The role of single neurons in information processing.nature neuroscience,3, 1171-1177. Matt, G. E., Bernert, J. T., Hovell, M. F. (2008). Measuring secondhand smoke exposure in children: an ecological measurement approach.Journal of pediatric psychology,33(2), 156-175. Henry Ndoni, D., Elhag, T. M. (2010). The integration of human relationships in capital development projects: A case study of BSF scheme.International Journal of Managing Projects in Business,3(3), 479-494. Danna, K., Griffin, R. W. (1999). Health and well-being in the workplace: A review and synthesis of the literature.Journal of management,25(3), 357-384. Thorne, E. D. (1998). The Shortage in Marketà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Inalienable Human Organs: A Consideration of Nonmarket Failures.American Journal of Economics and Sociology,57(3), 247-260.

Buddhism Essays (2327 words) - Buddhism, Gautama Buddha, Transtheism

Buddhism Buddhism According to Webster's definition, Buddhism is not a religion. It states that religion is the belief in or worship of God or gods(Webster's New World Dictionary pg.505). The Buddha was not a god(About Buddhism pg.1). There is no theology, no worship of a deity or deification of the Buddha(Butter pg.1) in Buddhism. Therefore Buddhists don't pray to a creator god(Buddhism FAQ's pg.1). Consequently, Buddhism is catagorized as a philosophy, but is still regarded it as a religion. The name Buddhism comes from the word 'budhi' which means to wake up and thus Buddhism is the philosophy of awakening(What is Buddhism pg.1). Fittingly, buddha literally means 'awakened one'( Buddhist Basics pg.1). Buddha are aimed soley to liberate sentient beings from suffering(About Buddhism pg.1). They dedicate their lives to showing others the way to end the viscous cycle of samsara, or reincarnation. Buddha are enlightened beings who had the opportunity to reach the ultimate goal, but turned back to help the rest of the world get to where they were. The ultimate goal is to attain Nirvana. Nirvana simply means cessation(The Goal pg.1). It is the cessation of passion, aggression and ignorance(The Goal pg.1). Nirvana is the highest happiness(What is Buddhism pg.5). It has become equated with a sort of Eastern version of heaven.(The Goal pg.1). The way to reach Nirvana is to become empty, to become enpty of thirst, desire, dreams, pleasure, and sorrow- to let the Self die(Hesse pg.11). Freedom from the Self liberates(About Buddhism pg.1). Once Nirvana is achieved one can escape the cyclical repetition of life, in which one is reincarnated over and over again. In Buddhism, the world is in flux, coming into existence and passing away(Buddhist Basics pg.5). It is a continuous cycle. Time is often viewed to be like that of a river. If you've seen a river you'd have seen that the water continually flowed and flowed and yet it was always there; It was always the same yet every moment it was new(Hesse pg.83). Breaking this cycle was the main goal of the Buddha. This has been the way of thinking in Buddhism, since its beginning. Buddhism emerged in India more than 2.5 thousand years ago as a religious and philosophical teaching(Buddhism pg.1). In fact Buddhism is the most ancient of the four world religions(Buddhism pg.1). They have many followers. Although an exact number cannot be calculated, for various reasons, one can speak of approximately 400 billion lay practitioners and 1 billion Buddhist monks and nuns in the world(Buddhism pg.1). Buddhism was not started by the first Buddha, for there have been many Buddha(Buddhist Basics pg.1), but by the historical Buddha. Siddartha fasting as a Samana. The historical Buddha was born in approximately 563 B.C.E. in Northern India(Who is Buddha pg.1). His birth took place in the towm of Kapilavastu (located in today's Nepal)(Introduction to Buddhism pg.2). He was named Siddartha, which means 'he whose aim is accomplished'(Introduction to Buddhism pg.2). Siddartha's parents were King Shuddhodana and Queen Maya, who ruled the Sakyas(Introduction to Buddhism pg. 2). Being the historical Buddha, his compassion and patience were legendary(What is Buddhism pg. 3). He is seen as a timeless mirror of mind's inherent potential(Who is Buddha pg.1). His teaching make being fearless, joyful, and kind(Who is Buddha pg 1). Although Buddha felt that nobody finds salvation through teachings(Buddhism FAQ's pg.1), he did have Dharma, the teachings of the Buddha; the law of the Buddha(FAQ'S pg.1). Because of the way he felt about teachings, Buddha strongly encouraged his followers to 'be a lamp unto themselves' and put his teachings to a test(Buddhist Basics pg.2). His Dharma consisted of The Four Noble Truths and The Eightfold Path. These are the central teachings of the Buddha(Tokyo n.pag.). Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka The First Noble Truth is that there is suffering. If people were to look at their own lives and the world around them they would realize that life is full of suffering. We suffer because we are constantly struggling to survive(Butter pg.2). Suffering may be Physical or Mental(Tokyo n.pag.). Physical suffering comes in many different forms. An example of such suffering is aged people. They cannot hear as well, see as far or clearly, or move as limberly as they used to be able to. The truth is that the suffering of birth, old age, sickness, and death is unavoidable(Tokyo n.pag.). Besides physical suffering, there are also various forms of mental suffering. This suffering usually occurs due to one's attraction to impermanent pleasures. An example of this is a person finding a new friend and being elated

Free Essays on American Women In The Vietnam War

The Vietnam War is one of the most debated topics of the twentieth century- this is reflected in the endless amount of books, articles, documentaries, and Hollywood productions that have emerged about the topic. Much of the historiography of the conflict, as well as mainstream popular literature on the war, all share a disturbing omission- very few include any thoughtful reflection whatsoever on the role that American women served in Vietnam. There are very few works devoted to this important part of women’s history, and the ones that exist are primary sources- mostly collections of personal narratives of those women who served. Hardly any scholarly work done on the topic- most secondary sources that are available are not by professional historians. Scholarly articles were practically non-existent in history journals- most appeared in nursing journals and focused more on the medical aspects. Most general books and texts on the Vietnam War (including Moss’ Vietnam, An American Ordeal, Fourth Edition) gloss over, if not skip entirely, the role of women in Vietnam. So why have historians not chose to look at this topic in greater detail, especially since there have been multiple studies on women in the other American wars? There are a few possible explanations as to why there is such a lack of scholarly study of this historically-important group of American women. Many of the official military and Department of Defense records are scarce, spotty, and incomplete. It is still unclear how man American women, military and nonmilitary, served in Vietnam. Statistics on civilian women who served in Vietnam are even harder to gather. Another possible reason these women have been ignored is that they were comparatively small number and many Americans simply do not realize that women played an active role in the U.S. war effort. The women that most Americans remember from this era fell into two archetypes- the wives and other fa... Free Essays on American Women In The Vietnam War Free Essays on American Women In The Vietnam War The Vietnam War is one of the most debated topics of the twentieth century- this is reflected in the endless amount of books, articles, documentaries, and Hollywood productions that have emerged about the topic. Much of the historiography of the conflict, as well as mainstream popular literature on the war, all share a disturbing omission- very few include any thoughtful reflection whatsoever on the role that American women served in Vietnam. There are very few works devoted to this important part of women’s history, and the ones that exist are primary sources- mostly collections of personal narratives of those women who served. Hardly any scholarly work done on the topic- most secondary sources that are available are not by professional historians. Scholarly articles were practically non-existent in history journals- most appeared in nursing journals and focused more on the medical aspects. Most general books and texts on the Vietnam War (including Moss’ Vietnam, An American Ordeal, Fourth Edition) gloss over, if not skip entirely, the role of women in Vietnam. So why have historians not chose to look at this topic in greater detail, especially since there have been multiple studies on women in the other American wars? There are a few possible explanations as to why there is such a lack of scholarly study of this historically-important group of American women. Many of the official military and Department of Defense records are scarce, spotty, and incomplete. It is still unclear how man American women, military and nonmilitary, served in Vietnam. Statistics on civilian women who served in Vietnam are even harder to gather. Another possible reason these women have been ignored is that they were comparatively small number and many Americans simply do not realize that women played an active role in the U.S. war effort. The women that most Americans remember from this era fell into two archetypes- the wives and other fa...

Family Business Transitions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Family Business Transitions - Essay Example This activity generates a significant proportion of the economy in many countries, whereby the enterprises are approaching the point where business owners' are making serious decisions regarding their long term future, this decision impacts, individual businesses, business sector and the whole society. This move results into a widespread interest in various business succession planning. Though this business operates within personal relationships which affect and influence the business concern. When these relationships are central to the operations of the business, then there must be a focus upon the relationship in a successful negotiation of a business transition process. It is not normally easy to have a successful family business transition, since there are many problems associated in this generation to generation transition. This family business includes relationship involving individuals and those involving the business itself. The individual relationship has an impact on transition whereby, the quality of the relationship is vital, whether they are involved directly or indirectly. Most problems occur in this individual relationships where we find the small generation has no desire to take over the family business, this may not be... ion transition process, this includes: Poor communication this can lead to negative emotions evolving during the transition process , there is also a psychological factor under which the perception of the key family stake holders especially those of the highest generation and the lower generation has a crucial influence considering their roles, intentions and attitudes of others within the transition process. Therefore when the low generation is not psychologically prepared to take control over the transition then this makes this process unsuccessful and also when the transition process is not successful then the successor is not psychologically ready to prosper. This makes the incumbents and the successor's mental status very important in judging when the transition should be taken and what requirements are needed for the process to be successful. 2 Also family values influence the business heavily, whereby there happens to be a higher risk for poor long term business performance, this normally occurs when the subject of the business relies on the family needs. Under this case of psychology we find tat during the transition process, the psychological process results into conflicts between individuals, that is between the incumbent and the successor, there is therefore a contradiction arising at the succession, whereby, the successor desires to imitate the incumbent in order to supersede him while seeking independence, this causes an internal conflict for the successor on how to behave, in such a situation , both the incumbent and the successor desire to be a leader thus reinforcing a leader role causing a spiral of conflicts, confusion and confrontation. 3 Many family business issues derive from the different experiences of each family member presenting the

Law of Contract LA-112 (Joint Honours) coursework 2009 Essay

Law of Contract LA-112 (Joint Honours) coursework 2009 - Essay Example course of business or trade, there is an implicit condition that goods so supplied under the contract of sale are of acceptable quality and should rationally fit for their purpose. Thus , under SGA , a seller should sell products that well fit into its description , should conform to its purpose and should have acceptable quality and if the product fall short of these , then , supplier has the duty to redress the grievances raised by the buyer . Certain contract inserts clauses giving the right to buyer to terminate the contract under certain circumstances. For instance, when the market price for product decreases after the entering of a contract, a buyer in normal course is keen to take the privilege of termination rights as a result of delivery of non-conforming products or late delivery. However, a seller has the duty to make sure that the products sold â€Å"adhere to the contract.† For instance, if a car is sold, then the seller should clearly express the model of the car to be sold, the details about its engine size, its previous owner’s history. In case, if the seller has described the product imprecisely, then the buyer can make a claim against the seller for breach of contract and thus seller might be involved a breach under the Trade Descriptions Act 1968. (The UK insolvency helpline 2008). In Fletcher v Sledmore, a car dealer and his customer visited the defendant who was a dealer in second hand cars. The customer inquired the defendant about a specific car and defendant informed him that it was â€Å"a good little engine.† However, this was not true. Then, car was sold to the customer. It was held by the court that the defendant committed an offence under false trade description Act. Thus, this decision clearly demonstrates that Act can travel beyond the restrictions of contractual relationships. (Weatherill 2005: 402) If any seller has sold the product that does not adhere to the description in the sales contract, or if it is not suitable for

A Historiographical Examination on Ernst Junger's Ideas Essay

A Historiographical Examination on Ernst Junger's Ideas - Essay Example During and after the war, he wrote and edited many books and right-wing journals. These included Storm of Steel (1920), Die totale Mobilmachung-1930 (The Total Mobilization), Der Arbeiter-1932 (The Worker), On Marble Cliffs-1947, On Pain, Der Vormarsch amongst others. Through his real life and writing, he has influenced German literature and modern studies of WWII. The backbone of his writings, ideas and ideologies are greatly influenced by his military career and experiences in WWII. His writings give a peek into his thoughts and ideologies, and these have been reviewed by many writers and critics who in the end judge him variously as a militarist, a nationalist, or as a fascist. And others say he is among the greatest writers of modern Germany and a personification of the conservative revolutionary movement. Nevin asserts that Junger is one of the most controversial 21st Century writers in Europe with a remarkable writing career spanning five periods of the history of modern Germany1. In his book, Ernest Junger and Germany: Into the Abyss, Nevin avers that Ernst Junger was ‘politically incorrect writer par- excellence’. He treats him not as the ‘national institution’ the public and press viewed him, but as a contradictory figure whose actions include his parable attacking despotism in 1939 and refusing to join the Nazi party when he was assumed to be a fascist. These confirm Junger’s contradictory and controversial nature2. Though a brilliant writer, Ernst Junger is dismissed as militarist and nationalist, a trait clearly witnessed in his Die totale Mobilmachung-1930 (The Total Mobilization) and Der Arbeiter-1932 (The Worker). In the two books, Junger paints a dictatorial state coordinated along military lines embodied by the star worker3.

Duty To Ones Family And Heritage English Literature Essay

Duty To Ones Family And Heritage English Literature Essay Sense of duty and honor to ones heritage and family! What is it about that feeling that beckons individuals to fulfill that responsibility? Is it because they feel pressured to do so by their family, or is it the culture of a family that pressures the individual into fulfilling that duty. Whatever the reason, this idea of ones responsibility to their heritage and family is the most evident and arguably the most important theme in Alice Walkers Everyday Use and Eudora Weltys A Worn Path. Both narratives provide and in depth look at the barriers that divide families, and the challenges they go through to overcome them. The main theme in the short story Everyday Use concerns the characters connections to their ancestral roots. In Everyday Use, Dees beliefs about her heritage and family contrast those of her mother and little sister Maggie. Maggie and her mothers connection to their heritage lie in their memories and traditions of their foremothers. They would rather remember their ancestors for who they were as people, not as members of a specific society. Dees bond to her heritage comes from collecting and displaying her ancestors possessions as African art. Dee believes that she is asserting her African heritage by changing her appearance, her personality, and even her name, in spite of the fact that her family has lived in the America for several decades. Her mother states that when Dee sees the new house, a three-room shack with no real windows and a tin roof, she will want to tear it down. (Walker 445) When Dee arrives at her mothers house her appearance confirms this trend. She is dressed in i ntricate clothing with an assortment of gold jewelry and she crudely informs her mother and sister thats she now goes by the name of Wangero. Maggie and her mother are bemused and somewhat intimidated by Dees new image as Wangero. Dees selfishness and need for independence is demonstrated at a young age when she watches her humble home burn to the ground, with a look of concentration on her face. (Walker 444) Later, Dee wanted nice things (Walker 445), particularly clothes, and was obsessed with capturing a fashion and lifestyle that contrasted with her humble roots. In contrast to Dees material life is Maggies and her mothers pride in their home and heritage, and their satisfaction with their own lives. They have made the front yard clean and wavy, a yard like this is more comfortable than most people know. (Walker 443) Because of their opposing views, each member of the Johnson family values their possessions for different reasons. Dee searches the house for objects she can display in her own home as examples of African-American folk art. Maggie and her mother value the same objects not for their artistic value, but because they remind them of their loved ones. Dee admires a butter churn, and when Maggie says it was carved by their aunts husband His name was Henry, but they called him Stash (Walker 447) Dee replies mockingly that her sister has a memory like an elephants. (Walker 447) But the story implies that Maggies elephant-like memory for her loved ones and her appreciation for their handiwork is a more authentic way to celebrate their heritage than Dees artistic interests. Dees interest in the butter churn and the quilts is brought up because they are priceless objects. She wants to have them as antiques and would not think of using them for everyday use. However, everyday use in the narrator s opinion is the best way to value the past, and to keep it alive. Phoenix Jackson, the protagonist in the short story A Worn Path, is a character who defines the theme of duty to ones family. She is the symbol of determination, endurance, and the will to survive in the face of adversity and death. In the character of Phoenix, Welty is able convey the virtue in doing selfless things for others. Her selfless concern for her grandson is the most powerful representation of giving and self-sacrifice. Critics have noted that her total determination in making the long journey on foot and alone points to these qualities, as does the mythological meaning of her name Phoenix, an Egyptian bird symbolizing resurrection. Christian symbolism is also quite clear in the narrative. For example, the fact that the story is set during the Christmas has led many critics to parallel Phoenixs journey with that of a religious pilgrimage. Phoenix Jacksons overwhelming sense of duty to her grandson is the only thing that seems to keep her focused on the long and hazardous j ourney to town. Because she is the only person her grandson has to rely on, We is the only two left in the world, (Welty 69) she tells the nurse, she is determined to make the trip to town to get the medicine that will relieve his injured throat. Her responsibility dominates her personality, overcoming her progressing senility, her poor eyesight, and her difficulty in walking. Phoenix again demonstrates her dedication to her grandson when she speaks to the hunter about her journey into town, she tells the hunter I bound to go to town, mister, the times come around.(Welty 67) While much of the storys power comes from the imagistic and symbolic use of language, the action in the story shows Phoenix in direct conflict with the outside world, a society run by white people who have little respect or understanding for her situation. A man hunting in the woods assumes that she is going to town simply to see Santa Claus, while a nurse somewhat politely calls her as a charity case and offers little compassion for the troubles of Phoenix or her sick grandson. The nurse however has a duty and a responsibility to keep giving Phoenix the medicine as long as she keeps coming to get it. She says that, the doctor said as long as you came to get it, you could have it, but its an obstinate case.(Welty 69) Even the hunter who helps Phoenix out of the ditch, and the young woman on the street, who ties up her shoes, seem to act purely out of duty, not out of compassion or love. Only Phoenixs actions, making the difficult journey into town for her grandson, are due to a true sense of responsibility and are motivated by a true love. Most people are compelled by this sense of duty and responsibility for their families and their heritage at some point in their lives. People wouldnt be who they are today if it wasnt for their ancestors and those that came before them, and if it wasnt for the love and life lessons that families provide for each other then individuals would have no idea where their place in the world is, or what to do with the gift that is life. People will often go to extreme lengths to prove or simply fulfill their own sense of duty to the ones they love. Some might argue that they only do this because they feel that they must, or that there will be some unknown consequence if they dont, but I would like to think that people do what they do for the ones they love because it has positive effects for them, as well as themselves. Its human nature to want carry out responsibilities that have been laid down and set before us, not just the need to please others. Works Cited Page Gioia, Dana and X.J. Kennedy, eds. Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing. Tenth ed. New York: Pearson Longman, 2007. Tom Hopkens. A Worn Path Critical Analysis. Eudora Welty Literary Criticism. 14 Oct. 2002. Google. 15 Apr. 2010. Anthony David. Everyday Use Literary Criticism. Women Literature Newsweek. 7 May. 2004. Google. 15 Apr. 2010 Walker, Alice. Everyday Use. Literature: Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing. New York: Pearson Longman, 2007. 64-68. Print. Welty, Eudora. A Worn Path. Literature: Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing. New York: Pearson Longman, 2007. 443-447. Print.

Ford Motor Company :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Ford Company Our Hiring ProcessUnderstanding How We HireIf you’re passionate about a career with Ford Motor Company, you want to understand how and why we choose people to join our team. Our hiring decisions are based on an objective evaluation of your skills, experiences and competencies. What are we looking for? What should you expect? Here is a brief explanation of our process. A Two-Step ProcessHiring at Ford Motor Company is a two-step process designed to be quick, thorough and personal. The first phase is Initial Recruiting, which may involve a face-to-face meeting with a Ford recruiter. Its purpose is to review and assess your credentials, experience and background.The second phase is a more in-depth interaction with Ford Motor Company at a Leadership Conference. Conferences are weekend events at a Ford facility. If you’re invited to one of these weekends, you’ll know you’ve made the first cut. Then, based on your performance during the weekend, Ford managers will make a hiring decision. Read on to learn more about the two phases in the hiring process. Initial RecruitingInitial recruiting begins when you meet us--for example, as you explore this site. You can see if our working environment fits your style, find out about career programs and open positions, and read about who we are and what it’s like to work here.If you decide you’d like to join us, you answer an online questionnaire about your skills, experience and background. If this Web-based personal assessment shows you have what we’re looking for, we can invite you to a leadership conference.Some people meet us when we recruit on campus or at a career fair, and in some cases we conduct an interview instead of using our Web-based assessment.If y ou’re invited to a leadership conference, you’ll get on line to schedule your attendance. If you haven’t received an invitation, we continue to consider you for openings unless we notify you otherwise. Please log in frequently to see any new information on your personal page.Leadership ConferenceThe leadership conference is an expenses-paid weekend at a Ford Motor Company facility. This can be a big event, with dozens of guests like you meeting and interacting with Ford people. Our recruiters, managers and other employees will guide you through a series of activities to help you learn whether a Ford career is for you. The conference is an opportunity for both you and us to evaluate each other in depth.